Interest Rates Affects on the Is-Lm Model Essay Example for Free

Interest Rates Affects on the Is-Lm Model Essay Assignment 4 5. According to the IS-LM model, what happens to the interest rate, income, consumption and invest under the following circumstances. a. The central bank increases money supply. An increase in the money supple shifts the LM curve downward. The equilibrium moves from point A to point B. Income rises from Y1 to Y2 and the interest rate falls from r1 to r2. Therefore this increase in money supply causes a decrease in interest rate, an increase in income, an increase in consumption and an increase in investment. LM Income, output, Y b. Government increases government purchases An increase in government purchases result in a shift in the IS curve to the right. The equilibrium moves from point A to point B. Income rises from Y1 to Y2 and interest rate rises from r1 to r2. This increase in government purchases therefore causes interest rate to rise and income also rises. Consumption will also increase but the increase in government purchases will cause investment to decrease. interest rate, r LM IS2 IS1 Income, output, Y c. The government increases taxes. An increase in taxes shifts the IS curve to the left. The equilibrium moves from point A to point B. Income falls from Y1 to Y2 and the interest rate from r ¬1 to r 2. Therefore increase in taxes will bring about a decrease in interest rate, cause income to also decrease which will decrease consumption also but will result in an increase in investment. interest rate, r LM IS1 IS2 Income, output, Y d. The government increase government purchases and taxes equally 6. Consider the following economy of Hicksonia. a. The consumption function is given by C= 200 + 0. 75 (Y T) The investment function is I= 200-25r Government purchases and taxes are both 100.

Spearfisherman :: Fishing Sports Papers

Spearfisherman As a student in the scuba certification class here at State, I have been taught that if you would like to keep all of your limbs, it is best to keep your hands to yourself under the water. This means that if I saw a 52 pound fish, I probably would not try to stab it with a spear, or play a game of cat and mouse. So what makes a spearfisherman? How does one go about spending their recreational time chasing after fish as big as them? Since the 1940’s, spearfishing, the art of hunting prey without a line, in its own environment, has been a popular sporting activity. How do you learn to spearfish? You must first decide what type of a fisherperson you would like to be. Would you want to hunt with scuba equipment making it easier to dive to greater depths? Or would you like to stay close to the surface without the heavy gear? There are two types of spear fishermen, the people that are freedivers, who dive without the gear, and people that require an air supply, otherwise known as scuba method. The freedive has very little equipment; a mask, optional snorkel, fins, and the speargun of your choice. It is the simplest form of spearfishing, and yet it is said to be the most challenging (Allen Patrick 6). A diver must hold his breath on the surface, â€Å"pike dive† and descend, while trying to clear his ears and equalize pressure(6). The ears must also be cleared with the scuba method, so this is no t only for freedivers. The scuba method, much more gear intensive, first and foremost requires that you have a recreational diving license. Diving by in itself requires skill and education, so it is advisable for a aspiring spearfisherman to obtain a diving license before heading down to the local speargun shop. You must have a mask that properly fits their face, fins, an air cylinder with a regulator that makes it possible to breath, the appropriate weight belt to decrease and increase buoyancy, along with the buoyancy compensator, that holds you cylinder in place (Patrick 11-13). Now that you are in the water and have your gear, you need a weapon.

Comparing and Contrasting “The Necklace” and “The Gift of the Magi” Essay

The main character in The Necklace’s, and the main character in The Gift of the Magi’s, personalities differ from one another vastly. In The Necklace, the main character Mathilde Loisel is an ungrateful middle class woman who seeks riches and admiration. Alternatively, the main character in The Gift of the Magi, Della Young, is compassionate and works very hard to buy her husband a present, and ultimately, selling the one thing that was more precious to her than anything else, her hair. Mathilde is selfish, and when her friend, Madame Foreister is sympathetic enough to let her borrow her jewelry, Mathilde asks rudely, â€Å"Haven’t you anything else?† (Maupassant,  ¶39). In contrast, Della is very appreciative when she receives a hairpin, and is very unselfish when giving away her hair to buy a present for her husband. Mathilde and Della are also both remotely poor. In the beginning of The Necklace, Mathilde and her husband were pretty well off, not too rich, and very simple. But at the end of the story, they are dirt poor, having spent 10 years paying debts. On the other hand, Della started out fairly poor, only being able to gather $1.87 for a Christmas present, but enjoyed life all the same. These two women are also unlike one another because of how they treat their husbands. When thinking about what to get her husband Jim, Della thought, â€Å"Something fine and rare and sterling–something just a little bit near to being worthy of the honor of being owned by Jim.† (Henry,  ¶6) This quote shows how much Della loves her husband, and how she thinks it is the best thing in the world to be his, and to be married to him. Meanwhile, instead of feeling like her husband â€Å"won† her heart, Mathilde feels like she settled for him. She shows these feelings for her husband when O. Henry writes â€Å"†¦and she let herself be married off to a little clerk in the Ministry of Education.† (Maupassant,  ¶1). Madame Loisel also does not show gratitude towards her husband when he acquired the tickets to the party, and when he spent all that money buying her a dress when he really could have bought something for himself. On the other hand, Mrs. Young is very flattered when her husband buys her a present, even one that she has no use for. Both The Necklace’s, and The Gift of the Magi’s, endings are ironic. In The Necklace, Mathilde and her husband spend most of their young life paying off a huge debt because of a diamond necklace that she had lost. 10 years later, she ran into the friend from whom she borrowed the necklace from, and found out that the necklace they thought was thirty-six thousand francs was only five hundred. The Gift of the Magi ended in a more comical irony than The Necklace’s cynical irony. Della had cut her long, lushes hair to buy Jim a chain for his pocket watch, and Jim sold his prized pocket watch to buy Della a lavish pin for her hair. The Young couple didn’t mind that they both bought something the other one no longer needed, they were just happy to have each other. People are confronted with choices every day, and in The Necklace by Guy De Maupassant and The Gift of the Magi, by O. Henry, the main characters make subconscious choices to act selfish, or to act grateful.

“Ghost’s During the Elizabethan Era” - 2807 Words

At around ten o’clock at night, a young girl was laying in bed when all of a sudden someone started rubbing her cheek. She looked around and no one was there. Was this her imagination, or was someone there? Ghosts always make their presence known, just like the Ghost in the tragedy Hamlet written by William Shakespeare. Throughout the character of the Ghost of Hamlet’s father, Shakespeare portrays many Elizabethan beliefs on ghosts. Shakespeare creates the question: is the ghost good or bad? Many people have their own opinion on this question, but in this writer’s opinion, the Ghost of Hamlet’s father is a good ghost because throughout the tragedy the Ghost of Hamlet’s father never physically hurts anyone, instead he persuades Hamlet†¦show more content†¦In other words, when ghosts would confront their loved ones, they would stay on track as to why they were there and would not get distracted from the main reason for their visit. As a result, many humans, especially loved ones, know the real reason the ghost has decided to visit. This belief relates to the play because the Ghost of Hamlet’s father decides to visit Denmark and makes everyone question his visitation. Clark states that ghosts appear to â€Å"obtain revenge†, although this appears to be true as to the reason Hamlet’s father’s Ghost appears, it is not the actual reason. The Ghost is there to ask Hamlet to â€Å"revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† (Shakespeare 57). In other words, the Ghost is not there to seek revenge physically, but to have Hamlet seek revenge on Claudius for killing him. The Ghost makes his visitation to specifically ask Hamlet to seek revenge on his murderer; however, he does not force Hamlet to seek revenge. Since the ghost does not force Hamlet to seek revenge he appears to the audience that he is a good ghost because he does not hurt anyone and does not appear violet. Therefore, because the Ghost has not been physical this situation allows the audience to become aware that he is a good ghost. The third Elizabethan belief in ghosts was that people were believed to be hallucinating if they believe they had seen a ghost. â€Å"Persons affected by mania or melancholy are most commonly subject to receive false imaginationsShow MoreRelatedThe Ghost Is a Useful Dramatic Device; Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Elizabethan period, a ghost was seen as a common feature in most tragedy plays. Shakespeares Hamlet is a prime example of the use of a `ghost to entice fear and apprehension amongst the Elizabethan audience. The ghost can be seen as projecting several functions throughout the play, all of which are vital to the plays ultimate impact. An Elizabethan audience were highly superstitious, held Roman Catholic beliefs of purgatory and were extremely fearful of afterlife and the uncertaintyRead MoreThe Success Of The Conjuring Trick1722 Words   |  7 Pagesevilof the plotter, the victim’s circumstance, and the convincing evidences. Elizabethan age was the period when the tragedy of Hamlet occurred. Although, Elizabethan era was a Golden Age in English history, people in this periodstrongly believed in superstition which was concentrated in witches and witchcrafts. Patrick Collinson in Elizabethan Essayssays that â€Å"†¦it has been clear that an adequate account of Elizabethan religion must include the beliefs and practices associated with witchcraft, andRead MoreDeception in Hamlet1546 Words   |  7 PagesHoratio joins Francisco, Bernardo, and Marcellus on the evening watch. Horatio scoffs at their stories of the ghosts appearance, Tush, tush, twill not appear (1.1.35). Horatio is a scholar and a sensible man who needs to see things with his own eyes before he will accept them. Therefore, once the ghost appears to him, he quickly changes his viewpoint. He informs Hamlet of the ghosts likeness to his dead father and warns him of where the ghost originates: Be thou a spirit of health or goblinRead MoreT he Theme of Deception in Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pagesjoins Francisco, Bernardo, and Marcellus on the evening watch. Horatio scoffs at their stories of the ghosts appearance, Tush, tush, twill not appear, (I:1, l 37). Horatio is a scholar and a sensible man who needs to see things with his own eyes before he will accept them (I:1, ll 67-69). Therefore, once the ghost appears to him, he quickly changes his viewpoint. He informs Hamlet of the ghosts likeness to his dead father and warns him of where the ghost originates: Be thou a spirit of healthRead MoreIs the Ghost in Hamlet Pure Evil? Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pagespressures Hamlet into revenging Claudius while destroying Hamlet’s reputation in the kingdom. The readers can contrast the madness of Ophelia and Hamlet to create the truth behind the Ghost allowing the reader to create their own decisions on the Ghost’s motives in returning to visit his son. The Ghost first appears in act 1 scene 1 when Horatio and Marcellus and Barnardo are outside the castle swapping the guard. Once Hamlet discovers that perhaps the Ghost is his father. After the encounterRead MoreHamlet as So Much More Than a Traditional Revenge Tragedy Essay1713 Words   |  7 Pagesexemplifies the main traditions of the Elizabethan revenge tragedy, which was developed by Kyd from the tragedies of the Roman writer Seneca. When comparing The Spanish Tragedy and Hamlet, we can clearly see how Shakespeare has gone far further than the conventional revenge tragedy. Kyds transformation of Senecan traditions of revenge tragedy in The Spanish Tragedy, provided the main principles for the popular Elizabethan Revenge Tragedy, and thus gave ShakespeareRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Morality And Religion1442 Words   |  6 Pagessin. In the play â€Å"Hamlet,† Shakespeare examines the role of suicide in morality and religion providing a new perception into how they affect each other, and how both belief guide characters motives. The play was written during a significant time in England, the Elizabethan era was filled with the clashing of monarchs on religion. The tension between Catholicism and Protestantism caused discord amongst the royal families. This discord caused strife amongst the people leading to hard times and violenceRead MoreMadness versus Reality in Hamlet1550 Words   |  6 Pagesnor is he fully convinced by the demands of the ghost as he decides to first probe in to the intentions of Claudius by acting as a foul and mad person and later on by re-enacting the murder of his father using a play in front of Claudius and others. During the play Claudius acts like a man with guilty conscious and Hamlet decides to take revenge and kill him. After failed attempts the ghost comes to Hamlet full of anger and disgust as Claudius is still alive. By this time Hamlet is convinced but mistakenlyRead MoreTo Believe Or To Believe: No Question About It: An Analysis of Hamlets Fatal Flaw1236 Words   |  5 P agesgood Christian by asserting that â€Å"I do not set my life at a pin’s fee,/ And for my soul, what can it do that,/ Being a thing immortal as itself?/ It waves me forth again. I’ll follow it† ( I. iv. 65-68). His friends are still very skeptical of the ghost’s intentions and only back off when Hamlet threatens them with â€Å"By heaven, I’ll make a ghost of him that let me.†(I.iv.85) Immediately after, Marcellus utters his famous line: â€Å"Something is rotten in the state of Denmark†(I.iv. 90). At this time periodRead MoreEssay about The Nature of Evil in William Shakespeares Hamlet1953 Words   |  8 PagesMissing Hamlet is a Shakespearean revenge tragedy, which was a strong, and entertaining form of drama popular in the Elizabethan era during which Shakespeare (1562-1616) lived. Hamlet, like many of Shakespeares plays has been inspired by another famous tragedy, in this case, The Spanish Tragedy, a revenge play written by Thomas Kyd. The great political turbulence

The Unfortunate Prevalence of Cosmetic Surgery - 1960 Words

Cosmetic Surgery Today Flipping through the pages of Vogues latest edition, 23 year-old Susan seems quite upset. She struggles with the thought of lacking the perfect body and delicate features in order to be considered attractive. Surprisingly, Susan is not alone in this kind of an internal struggle. In contemporary society, every other woman aspires to have the lips of Angelina Jolie and the perfect jaw line of Keira Knightley. Society today looks down upon individuals that do not fit in, whether in terms of body shape or facial attractiveness. This forces them to consider the option of ordering beauty. Since cosmetic surgery is no longer a social taboo in America given its widespread popularity, more people are promoting it which†¦show more content†¦Objectification of Women Ironically speaking, a lot has been talked about the liberation of women and their rights but the idea of cosmetic surgery is pushing women again down the road of being subservient to men and society who solely represent objects of beauty to be admired and made use of. Henderson-King (2005) points out that many women aspire to conform to societys blueprint of beauty, believe themselves to be objects of admiration, and thus view themselves through others perspectives. Moreover, beauty pageants are one of the major culprits in the objectification of women because they judge women primarily based on physical appearance, ignoring aspects such as intelligence and talent. This negatively influences female viewers who receive the same message. A survey conducted at AUS with only women being part of the sample, indicated that 57% believed that they could have been better-looking, following which 46.3% said that it was the media that was influencing them to undergo surgery. Furthermore, like beauty pageants, this pressure to conform to standard prototypes of beauty has transformed previously intellectual shows into a mere display of sensuality. When host Van Susteren of talk-show On the Record shifted from Fox to CNN in 2002, she shocked viewers with a radical makeover via a seriesShow MoreRelatedHow Did You Feel After Learning That Your Son Was Affected By Spina Bifida?3796 Words   |  16 Pages just because it was normal for every other human to have it, I wouldn’t necessarily wish to be fully abled in this way. Whereas a normal person with the use of telepathy may pity a child who was born without it, thinking perhaps that they are unfortunate. This links back to the general outline of a disabled fetus’s quality of life and how it is not just as simple as aborting or keeping the baby, in fact the complexities are endless. Laura Jenkyns introduced an important issue during my interviewRead MoreAustralian Institute Of Health And Welfare2029 Words   |  9 Pagesspent an estimated $140.2 billion on healthcare, accounting for approximately 9.5% of the gross domestic product (AIHW, 2014). Australia has seen substantial growth in the cost of healthcare over the last decade due to an aging population, increased prevalence of chorionic conditions, changes in personal incomes, technology, and other economic trends (AIHW, 2014). Government sources account for the bulk of all healthcare funding, with the Australian Government contributing 42.4%, and state and territoryRead More Gene Therapy Essay2620 Words   |  11 Pagesresulting from multigene defects, somatic gene therapy has been focusing on single-gene defects. It can be approximated that each person carries six defective genes; also, one in ten people have or will develop an inherited genetic disorder. The prevalence of disease caused by single-gene defects motivates a need for continued gene therapy research. There are 2,800 specific conditions known to be caused by mutations in just one of the patient’s genes (Thompson, 2003). Cystic fibrosis, HemophiliaRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe national economy? Arguments that the new migrants are different and less able to assimilate than those in earlier waves often point to the rise in transnational connections and ease of return travel, the expansion of dual citizenship, the prevalence of home-language media, stronger ethnic and racial differences, the emergence of segregated labor markets that block advancement, and the illegal status of many migrants.69 Most of these arguments rest on weak historical foundations. In nations Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesbullies are actually more likely to target their own sex, though to a less dramatic degree than female bullies do. Finally, it does appear that women are more adversely affected by bullying. A recent study of 183 victims of bullying found that the prevalence of trauma was higher for women (49 percent) than men (35 percent). The complexity of these relationships shows us that gaining a true understanding of organizational behavior phenomena often means understanding that the causes and consequences ofRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesBut it has become crystal clear to us that two things are common about a book’s preface. First, it’s usually written for the professor, especially one who’s considering selecting the book. Seco nd, students usually don’t read the preface. That’s unfortunate because it often includes information that students would find useful. As authors, we do listen to our customers. And many of ours have told us that they’d enjoy some input from us. So we’ve written this memo. Our purpose is to provide you withRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagescourses—while important—is not sufficient for management, career, or life success. Going into debt for a formal education or achieving an additional set of letters behind your name without also developing and improving your management skills will be an unfortunate lost opportunity. That is why we feel so strongly that in the management curriculum of universities, students should be exposed to a learning model such as the one we describe here. Our strong feelings, of course, are not based on blind optimism

Creon A Man Of The People - 868 Words

In Antigone by Sophocles, Creon appears to be a man of the people, but he reveals his true self as a merciless tyrant when Antigone buries her brother, Polynices. Creon declares that the state of Thebes has been disturbed by the death of Polynices and Eteocles as he reassures the citizens of Thebes that the country is safe again. Creon dictates that Eteocles, the patriot who defended the city, will be buried while Polynices, the traitor who fought against Thebes, will be left unburied. Creon explains to his citizens, â€Å"But whoever proves his loyalty to the state–/ I’ll prize that man in death as well as life† (234-235). Creon promises to reward citizens who are loyal and obedient to the state even after their death. At this point, Creon appears to use his power to bring the citizens of Thebes together as a state. However, after Creon discovers that Polynices has been buried, he is convinced that the citizens have betrayed him and demands that his guards find the criminal in one day. Creon shouts at his sentry, â€Å"I swear to Zeus as I still believe in Zeus, / if you don’t find the man who buried that corpse, / the very man, and produce him before my eyes, / simple death won’t be enough for you† (345-348). By swearing to Zeus, Creon attempts to assume the authority of the gods because he knows the citizens will respect Zeus even if they don’t respect his order. When Creon demands, â€Å"find the very man†, he forces the guards to fulfill his orders to save their lives. When CreonShow MoreRelatedWomen s Oppression Of Women1657 Words   |  7 Pagespowers, enslaving flightless and chirp less birds. Birds may be benevolent and gentle, yet they embody a power most ferocious amongst all creatures. Though, it is of no fascination as to why women, in being similar to birds, transform from powerful peoples to frail figures. The molestation of power from these birds is done by the hindering cage encompassing them. The thick bars of oppression slice the wings of the benevolent beings, strip the voice of the once vociferous, and above all destroy the benignRead MoreAntigone: Catharsis Analysis Essay1138 Words   |  5 PagesNumberless are the worlds wonders, but none More wonderful than man (Ode 1 1-2). Landscapes like the grand canyon, the wide expanse of oceans, weather, tall mountains are all magnificent features, but none as great as Man. Man is the only thing in this world, that has free will to think about anything or do anything whenever they want to. If one wants to dance, he or she is free to do so, if one wants to sing he or she can do so. Man can also feel emotions such as happiness, sadness, or even confusionRead MoreCreon as Tragic Hero1586 Words   |  7 PagesTragedy at its Finest In the Greek play Antigone, Creon and Antigone can both be claimed the title of Tragic Hero. Creon was made king when Oedipus Rex fled the kingship. Creon is the brother in law of Oedipus, and was giving the kingship only because Oedipus’s sons, Eteocles and Polyneices were killed trying to fight for the thrown. Antigone is Oedipus’s daughter and Creon’s niece. When it comes down to who the tragic hero is, Creon most definitely walks away with the title. A tragic heroRead MoreSophocles Antigone - The Tragic Hero1306 Words   |  6 Pagesdivine law versus man-made state laws. These are presented through the characters Antigone and Creon, respectively. According to Aristotle, a tragedy is defined as: â€Å"A hero destroyed by the excess of his virtues†. The dictionary definition of the word hero is â€Å"a person noted for courageous acts or nobility of character†. In aggreement with this definition, the hero in Sophocle’s Antigone would be the brave and loyal Antigone; so the opposing force and tragic hero would be Creon and he representsRead MoreTheme Of Self Image Of Creon And Okonkwo1009 Words   |  5 Pagesself-image of Creon and Okonkwo â€Å"He who wishes to be obeyed must know how to command-Niccolo Machiavelli†. In the novel â€Å"Things fall apart† by Chinua Achebe and the play â€Å"Antigone† by Sophocles, the leading men who rise to power try to fulfill their perceptions of leadership. In â€Å"Antigone† Creon the king becomes the ruler of Thebes after his two nephews killed each other at battle; he must try to civilize his nation and act in the image of a true leader. Okonkwo starts of respectable man who plans onRead MoreAntigone Role of Women1366 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics let alone vote. They would have to stay inside their house unless it was a festival and be accompanied by a guardian. For Sophocles to have a bold resilient character such as Antigone, many people at the time were most likely astonish by Antigone behavior and her resistant to powerful men such as Creon. Antigone went against want society thought she should act. Antigone was determined to obey the law of t he gods regardless of the consequences she would face including death. â€Å"I’ll still bury himRead More Oedipus and Creon in Sophocles Oedipus the King Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus and Creon in Sophocles Oedipus the King   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first glance, Oedipus and Creon are two very different people. But as time progresses their personalities and even their fates grow more and more similar. In Sophocles’s play â€Å"Oedipus the King†, Oedipus and Creon are two completely opposite people. Oedipus is brash and thoughtless, whilst Creon is wise and prudent. In â€Å"Oedipus the King†, Oedipus effectively portrays the idea of the classic â€Å"flawed hero†. He becomes arrogant and brash.Read MoreEssay on Oedipus Versus Creon1141 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus Versus Creon At first glance, Oedipus and Creon are two very different people. But as time progresses their personalities and even their fates grow more and more similar. In Sophocless play Oedipus the King, Oedipus and Creon are two completely opposite people. Oedipus is brash and thoughtless, whilst Creon is wise and prudent. In Oedipus the King, Oedipus effectively portrays the idea of the classic flawed hero. He becomes arrogant and brash. He accuses Creon and Tiresias ofRead MoreCreons Role of King and His Responsibilities1273 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsibility to the people and because of the effects of the position on the kings character. Creon reveals such ambivalent thoughts towards the kingship in his speech defending himself from Oedipuss conspiracy accusation in Oedipus the King; these ambivalent thoughts reveal much about the nature of the kingship, especially in conjunction with Creons later actions in Antigone. In attempting to refute Oedipuss assertion that Creon has taken part in a conspiracy to obtain the kingship, Creon evaluatesRead More Antigone Essay examples1465 Words   |  6 Pages One commentator has argued in quot;Antigonequot; that Antigones quot;view of what is right is as twisted as that of Creon.quot; Although I do not believe that either Antigones or Creons view is quot;twisted,quot; I do believe that their fate is a direct result of their extreme pride and stubbornness. In quot;Antigone,quot; Sophocles examines the conflict between the requirements of human and divine law that is centered on the burial of Polynices, Antigones brother and Creons nephew

Business Research Proposal Culture in a Company

Question: Discuss about the Business Research Proposal for Culture in a Company. Answer: Introduction The word culture can be defined in many ways, however, the definition depends on what the person is defining such as culture in a company or branch or country. According to the anthropologists of Australia, culture can be defined as everything that a human acts, thinks and owns. This is inclusive of thinking, pattern and things. According to Rugman and Hodgett culture means acquired knowledge that people use to explain and understand and generate social behavior. This means that members of a society, organization and group can share culture. It has been surveyed that the Australians make a consumption of three kilograms coffee per year, which is higher marginally than the tea-obsessed territory of United Kingdom. The annual consumption of Australia lags behind the consumption of New Zealand where the consumption is 3.4 Kilograms and lags behind the tea consumption rate of Japan and United States where the rate of consumption is 3.3 kilogram and 4.2 Kilograms respectively (Hawthorne, 2016). The literature review shall contain a detailed account of the existing and developing coffee culture in Australia. History of Coffee Culture in Australia The affinity of the Australians towards coffee emerged around the middle of the 20th century and for that, the credit goes to the espresso cafes that are independent in the territory of Melbourne. A greater number of Greeks and Italians made the migration to Melbourne and Australia after the Second World War (McCants Anne, 2008). The Australian Italians made the migration to Melbourne between the period of 1880 and 1924 that followed the development of piston-driven machine that is espresso, by Achille Gaggia in the year of 1945. The coffee culture in Australia bloomed in the territory of Melbourne in the year of 1956 when Australia hosted the Olympic Games. It is generally believed that the Italians made the introduction of espresso shots in Australia that served and made the introduction of the coffee culture in Australia (Dykins, 2013). New Wave of Culture of Coffee in Australia In the coffee culture of Australia, several new dimensions emerged recently. The reason for the growth of this concept is because the competition between the coffee sellers are getting tough. Recently, New Zealand and Australia has proven their power in relation to coffee. In the year of 2015, as per the demand of the majority of the population, Starbucks engaged into the launching of the version of Australian coffee that is the drink based on espresso, which is flat white having two ristretto shot along with little art and whole milk steamed. In Australia, the new habits of the people towards the consumption of coffee are also a new dimension of coffee culture. The Australian people were inclined to coffee in the earlier days and that demand for coffee has increased in the recent times significantly. The service model of Chainlet is based upon the cafes that render the definition of the excellent scene of coffee. In simpler terms it means along with having great version of coffee, a person could also come for having brekkie, which means breakfast. The table services that are rendered by Stowaway and Bluestone Lane are confusion sometimes to the customers regarding the fact whether the shop is a dinner or restaurant or coffee shop (Cafes coffee shops in Australia2011). Growing Rate of Coffee in Australia: In the streets of Melbourne and Sydney, the people can get the sight of better quality machines that are espresso in majority part of those streets. By getting such view, it is evident that the coffee culture possesses a long path to travel in the territory of Australia. There is a tremendous capacity that is borne by Australia for the growth of coffee culture in future (Gibbs Worth, 2012). Keeping the growth rate of coffee in mind in the future, the owners of the coffee shops in Australia are planning to make the launching of their own brands that is related to coffee. It is evident that the Australians consider coffee culture very seriously. However, it is evident that Starbucks that dominates the business of coffee all over the world, but failed to take the hold of the Australian market. It is evident from the fact that Starbucks made the opening of 84 locations of coffee in Australia in 2008, out of which 61 were closed down (Janssens et al., 2012). The reason for this fall down is that the coffee that is rendered by the little coffee cafes in Australia are very good and Starbucks could not compete with them. Changes in Coffee Culture of Australia: The first espresso bar came to Australia in the 40th but the real rise of coffee came in the year 1993 approximately when the first coffee shop was opened in Sydney. Today Sydney has more than 100 coffee shops and the most popular coffee in Australia is espresso. The traditional Australian grounded coffee is already popular in the Australian coffee shops. The caffe latte has also become a way of evaluating the worlds exchange rate that can be transferred into purchasing power. It is measured in a big cup of latte at Starbucks which now exists in over more than 40 countries of the world. In Australia, the most popular drink to order on a first date is cappuccino. This is the most popular drink in Australia. Emergence of New Brands of Australian Coffee: The Italian immigrant population influences the coffee culture of Australia. One of the best things that they bought with them is their love for coffee and one may find one of the best coffees in Sydney. Recently, there has been a boom of local cafes in the city. Some of the best coffee in the city is Campos Coffee, Toby Estate and Single Origin. Any caf that serves any of this brand then the person will surely get a good cup of coffee. However, due to the influence of Italian Coffee culture in Australia, Italian brands are also available in Australia such as Lavazza and Segafredo Zanetti. The coffee dcor of Australia is very popular as they were the ones who introduced the flat white to the mix of coffee before serving it to the customers. The sizes of coffee mugs in Australia depend on the preferences of the customers (Khamis, 2009). If a person orders for a tall skinny latte black in America then he will surely order a latte double shot in Australia. The barista may, on their own, customize the ordered coffee to doppio or a double shot; hence, if a person is a vivid coffee drinker, he or she should be specific about their preferences. Demand of Fair Trade: As per the recent trend that is noted amongst the Australians is that they are more focused towards fair work of the laborers as it was seen that they are mostly oppressed with the kind of working conditions that prevail in the coffee fields. The coffee lovers of Australia restrict themselves from having such coffee that come from laborers who are oppressed at the field. In Australia, coffee shops are opened based on fair trade and it was seen that the coffee lovers of Australia appreciate such coffee shops more. The primary dimension that emerged in the coffee culture of Australia is the recent time is the concept of fair trade in coffee culture (Barista: Hot drinks coffee culture, 2004). In 2006 many branded coffee was launched in Australia that was certified by fair trade. For example, in the year 2006 the formation of the Waynes coffee shop was the first shop that can be remembered as fair trade coffee shop in Australia. Increase in the competition: Today a coffee chain is visible at every place in Australia. This is because of the growing popularity of coffee in Australia. The coffee shop is well established in Australia and there is still scope of development of coffee in Australia. Many championships take place in Australia and this increases demand of coffee culture in Australia. Australian Coffee is the Best in the World: Australians consider themselves as serious coffee snobs. Australia is considered as a land of coffee obsessive and a country that is free to accept caffeinated cultural cringe. There is probably no other country, like Australia that is as serious and snobbish as they are for coffee. Australians do not follow any particular type of tradition for coffee culture, they follow coffee culture freely and they have explored from Italian coffee style until Vietnamese style coffee with sweet milk. Australians are non-judgmental about the style of drinking coffee as long as it tastes good. Australians can recognize bad coffee and this is the reason why Starbucks could not be very popular in Australia, as according to Australians it lacked in originality and taste. In all other countries, Starbucks was very popular and now it is considered as one of the biggest international chain in the world (Vaidhyanathan, 2007). Australians feel incredibly painful when it comes to coffee, like how an America n feels bad about lack of burgers and fries in Thailand, or tourists who are English by nationality but go to a Spanish restaurant for eating curry chips. The reason behind this is that when Australians travel, they expect the coffee to be as good as the homemade coffee (Watson Forrest, 2012). Conclusion: Conclusively, it may be stated that Australians are a firm believer of coffee culture and coffee ethics. They follow a typical structure and style for consumption of coffee. It is the obsession of Australians for coffee, which gives them a status of avid coffee drinker. Australians are termed as coffee connoisseurs; the reason behind this is that in Australia coffee is considered as something more than just a brew coupled with quality and quantity. Coffee has now become an important part of fashion, trend and other aspects in Australia. There is no fixed target group for assessing coffee culture in Australia, as the emerging coffee culture in Australia seems to be attracting target population of all kinds and of all ages. Reference List Barista: Hot drinks coffee culture. (2004).Barista, Cafes coffee shops in Australia(2011). 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